Cuvinte Dummy în limba engleză: Definiție și exemple

Cuvinte Dummy în limba engleză⁚ Definiție și exemple

Cuvintele dummy‚ cunoscute și sub denumirea de cuvinte de umplere‚ cuvinte de substituție sau cuvinte gramaticale‚ joacă un rol esențial în structura și funcționarea limbajului englez.

Introducere

Limbajul uman este un sistem complex și dinamic‚ caracterizat printr-o bogată diversitate de elemente lexicale și gramaticale. În cadrul acestei structuri complexe‚ cuvintele dummy‚ cunoscute și sub denumirea de cuvinte de umplere‚ cuvinte de substituție sau cuvinte gramaticale‚ joacă un rol esențial în structura și funcționarea limbajului englez. Aceste cuvinte‚ deși nu au o semnificație semantică independentă‚ contribuie semnificativ la claritatea‚ fluiditatea și coerența discursului.

Cuvintele dummy sunt elemente lexicale care nu poartă o semnificație independentă‚ ci servesc ca marcatori gramaticali sau ca elemente de legătură în cadrul propozițiilor. Ele nu contribuie la sensul propriu-zis al propoziției‚ ci ajută la stabilirea relațiilor gramaticale și la construirea unei structuri clare și coerente. Deși pot părea neesențiale la prima vedere‚ cuvintele dummy sunt esențiale pentru o comunicare eficientă și pentru o înțelegere clară a mesajului transmis.

Acest articol își propune să analizeze în detaliu conceptul de cuvinte dummy în limba engleză‚ explorând definiția‚ tipurile‚ funcțiile și importanța lor în contextul comunicării. Vom examina modul în care aceste cuvinte contribuie la structura limbajului‚ la sintaxa și gramatica engleză‚ precum și la procesul de comunicare și scriere.

Ce sunt cuvintele dummy?

Cuvintele dummy‚ cunoscute și sub denumirea de cuvinte de umplere‚ cuvinte de substituție sau cuvinte gramaticale‚ sunt elemente lexicale care nu au o semnificație semantică independentă. Aceste cuvinte nu contribuie la sensul propriu-zis al propoziției‚ ci servesc ca marcatori gramaticali sau ca elemente de legătură în cadrul propozițiilor. Ele ajută la stabilirea relațiilor gramaticale și la construirea unei structuri clare și coerente‚ contribuind la fluiditatea și claritatea discursului.

Cuvintele dummy pot fi comparate cu “scheletul” unei propoziții‚ oferind structura necesară pentru a susține elementele semnificative. Deși nu au o semnificație independentă‚ ele joacă un rol esențial în organizarea și transmiterea informației. Aceste cuvinte nu au o semnificație proprie‚ ci își derivă sensul din contextul în care sunt utilizate. Ele pot fi considerate ca niște “semnale” gramaticale care indică relațiile dintre cuvintele semnificative;

Un exemplu simplu de cuvânt dummy este “the” în propoziția “The cat sat on the mat”. Cuvântul “the” nu are o semnificație independentă‚ dar servește pentru a identifica anumite obiecte (pisica și covorul) și pentru a stabili o relație gramaticală între ele.

Tipuri de cuvinte dummy

Cuvintele dummy pot fi clasificate în diverse categorii‚ în funcție de rolul lor specific în structura propoziției și de funcția lor gramaticală. Printre cele mai comune tipuri de cuvinte dummy se numără⁚

• Cuvinte de umplere⁚ Aceste cuvinte sunt folosite pentru a umple spații în discurs sau în scris‚ fără a adăuga o semnificație specifică. Ele pot fi folosite pentru a câștiga timp pentru a gândi‚ a evita tăcerea sau a adăuga o nuanță de informalitate. Exemple⁚ “like”‚ “you know”‚ “actually”‚ “well”‚ “so”.
• Cuvinte de substituție⁚ Aceste cuvinte sunt folosite pentru a înlocui un cuvânt sau o frază deja menționată‚ evitând repetiția. Ele pot fi pronume‚ adverbe sau alte cuvinte care se referă la un element anterior. Exemple⁚ “it”‚ “that”‚ “this”‚ “there”‚ “here”.
• Cuvinte gramaticale⁚ Aceste cuvinte sunt esențiale pentru structura gramaticală a propoziției‚ dar nu au o semnificație semantică proprie. Ele servesc pentru a conecta cuvintele‚ a indica timpul‚ modul sau vocea. Exemple⁚ “the”‚ “a”‚ “an”‚ “of”‚ “to”‚ “from”‚ “on”‚ “in”‚ “at”‚ “by”‚ “with”.

Aceste categorii nu sunt exclusive‚ iar un singur cuvânt poate îndeplini mai multe funcții în cadrul unei propoziții.

Cuvinte de umplere

Cuvintele de umplere‚ cunoscute și sub denumirea de “filler words”‚ sunt elemente lexicale care adaugă puțină sau deloc semnificație semantică la o propoziție. Ele sunt folosite în principal pentru a umple spații în discurs sau în scris‚ servind ca o modalitate de a câștiga timp pentru a gândi‚ a evita tăcerea sau a adăuga o nuanță de informalitate.

Exemple de cuvinte de umplere frecvent utilizate în limba engleză includ⁚

• “like” ⎻ folosit pentru a introduce exemple sau a adăuga o nuanță de informalitate⁚ “I like‚ really like this new movie.”
• “you know” ⎻ folosit pentru a verifica dacă interlocutorul este de acord sau pentru a indica o anumită familiaritate⁚ “You know‚ I think it’s time for a change.”
• “actually” ー folosit pentru a corecta o afirmație anterioară sau pentru a adăuga o nouă perspectivă⁚ “Actually‚ I changed my mind. I’m going to stay.”
• “well” ー folosit pentru a introduce o nouă idee sau pentru a indica o ezitare⁚ “Well‚ I’m not sure if I can help you with that.”
• “so” ⎻ folosit pentru a introduce o concluzie sau pentru a indica o tranziție⁚ “So‚ we’re all set for the meeting.”

Utilizarea excesivă a cuvintelor de umplere poate afecta claritatea și profesionalismul comunicării. Cu toate acestea‚ în contexte informale‚ ele pot contribui la o atmosferă mai relaxată și mai naturală.

Cuvinte de substituire

Cuvintele de substituție‚ denumite și “placeholder words”‚ sunt elemente lexicale care funcționează ca reprezentări temporare pentru cuvinte sau fraze care nu sunt încă cunoscute sau nu sunt relevante în contextul actual. Ele permit o continuitate a discursului sau a scrisului‚ oferind un loc rezervat pentru informația care va fi furnizată ulterior.

Exemple de cuvinte de substituție frecvent utilizate în limba engleză includ⁚

• “thing” ⎻ folosit pentru a indica un obiect sau o idee neprecizată⁚ “I need to buy some things at the store.”
• “stuff” ー folosit pentru a indica o colecție nedefinită de obiecte sau materiale⁚ “There’s so much stuff in this room.”
• “that” ー folosit pentru a se referi la un obiect sau o idee deja menționată⁚ “I saw that movie last night.”
• “this” ー folosit pentru a se referi la un obiect sau o idee prezentă în context⁚ “This is my new car.”
• “it” ー folosit pentru a se referi la un subiect deja menționat sau la un concept abstract⁚ “It’s raining outside.”

Cuvintele de substituție pot fi utile în contexte informale sau când vorbitorul nu are toate informațiile la îndemână. Cu toate acestea‚ utilizarea excesivă a acestora poate duce la o comunicare neclară și confuză.

Cuvinte gramaticale

Cuvintele gramaticale‚ denumite și “function words”‚ sunt elemente lexicale care servesc la conectarea și organizarea cuvintelor și frazelor într-o propoziție. Ele nu au o semnificație lexicală proprie‚ ci contribuie la structura gramaticală a limbajului.

Exemple de cuvinte gramaticale frecvent utilizate în limba engleză includ⁚

• Prepoziții⁚ “on”‚ “in”‚ “at”‚ “to”‚ “from”‚ “with”‚ “by”‚ “for”‚ “about”‚ “during”‚ “since”‚ “until”‚ “because”‚ “although”‚ “despite”‚ “except”‚ “including”‚ “like”‚ “unlike”‚ “as”‚ “than”‚ “so”‚ “but”‚ “yet”‚ “or”‚ “nor”‚ “neither”‚ “both”‚ “either”‚ “whether”‚ “if”‚ “unless”‚ “while”‚ “when”‚ “where”‚ “how”‚ “why”.
• Conjuncții⁚ “and”‚ “but”‚ “or”‚ “so”‚ “because”‚ “although”‚ “while”‚ “when”‚ “where”‚ “if”‚ “unless”‚ “since”‚ “until”‚ “as”‚ “than”‚ “that”‚ “which”‚ “who”‚ “whom”‚ “whose”‚ “what”‚ “where”‚ “when”‚ “why”‚ “how”.
• Pronume⁚ “I”‚ “you”‚ “he”‚ “she”‚ “it”‚ “we”‚ “you”‚ “they”‚ “me”‚ “him”‚ “her”‚ “us”‚ “them”‚ “mine”‚ “yours”‚ “his”‚ “hers”‚ “ours”‚ “theirs”‚ “myself”‚ “yourself”‚ “himself”‚ “herself”‚ “itself”‚ “ourselves”‚ “yourselves”‚ “themselves”‚ “this”‚ “that”‚ “these”‚ “those”‚ “some”‚ “any”‚ “all”‚ “none”‚ “each”‚ “every”‚ “both”‚ “either”‚ “neither”‚ “one”‚ “another”‚ “other”‚ “much”‚ “many”‚ “few”‚ “little”‚ “several”‚ “enough”‚ “more”‚ “most”‚ “less”‚ “least”‚ “who”‚ “whom”‚ “whose”‚ “what”‚ “which”‚ “where”‚ “when”‚ “why”‚ “how”.
• Articole⁚ “a”‚ “an”‚ “the”.
• Verbe auxiliare⁚ “be”‚ “have”‚ “do”‚ “will”‚ “would”‚ “shall”‚ “should”‚ “can”‚ “could”‚ “may”‚ “might”.

Cuvintele gramaticale sunt esențiale pentru a crea propoziții gramaticale corecte și pentru a transmite sensul dorit.

Funcția cuvintelor dummy în limbaj

Cuvintele dummy joacă un rol crucial în structura și funcționarea limbajului‚ contribuind la claritate‚ coerență și fluență în comunicare. Ele facilitează construirea propozițiilor gramaticale corecte și transmiterea sensului dorit.

Funcțiile specifice ale cuvintelor dummy includ⁚

• Conectarea cuvintelor și frazelor⁚ Cuvintele de umplere și cuvintele gramaticale servesc ca legături între cuvinte și fraze‚ asigurând o structură logică și coerentă a propozițiilor. De exemplu‚ prepozițiile “on”‚ “in”‚ “at” indică relații spațiale‚ în timp ce conjuncțiile “and”‚ “but”‚ “or” conectează clauzele propozițiilor.
• Organizarea propozițiilor⁚ Cuvintele dummy contribuie la organizarea propozițiilor‚ stabilind ordinea cuvintelor și a frazelor. Articolele “a”‚ “an”‚ “the” specifică numărul și genul substantivelor‚ iar verbele auxiliare “be”‚ “have”‚ “do” indică timpul și modul verbelor.
• Clarificarea sensului⁚ Cuvintele de substituție și pronumele pot clarifica sensul propozițiilor‚ evitând repetarea cuvintelor și asigurând o fluență mai bună a comunicării. De exemplu‚ pronumele “he”‚ “she”‚ “it” se referă la substantivele menționate anterior‚ evitând repetarea lor.

În concluzie‚ cuvintele dummy sunt esențiale pentru o comunicare clară‚ eficientă și gramatical corectă. Ele contribuie la structura limbajului‚ la organizarea propozițiilor și la clarificarea sensului.

Structura limbajului

Cuvintele dummy joacă un rol esențial în structura limbajului‚ contribuind la organizarea și claritatea comunicării. Ele acționează ca elemente de legătură între cuvinte și fraze‚ asigurând o structură gramaticală corectă și o succesiune logică a ideilor.

De exemplu‚ prepozițiile‚ cum ar fi “on”‚ “in”‚ “at”‚ “to”‚ “from”‚ “with”‚ “by”‚ “for”‚ “about”‚ “of”‚ “during”‚ “until”‚ “since”‚ “after”‚ “before”‚ “between”‚ “among”‚ “across”‚ “through”‚ “around”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in 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front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ “down”‚ “into”‚ “out of”‚ “onto”‚ “off”‚ “around”‚ “through”‚ “across”‚ “over”‚ “under”‚ “above”‚ “below”‚ “beside”‚ “behind”‚ “in front of”‚ “next to”‚ “opposite”‚ “near”‚ “far from”‚ “towards”‚ “away from”‚ “along”‚ “past”‚ “up”‚ ”

Sintaxa și gramatica

Cuvintele dummy joacă un rol crucial în sintaxa și gramatica limbajului englez‚ contribuind la corectitudinea gramaticală a propozițiilor și la organizarea logică a ideilor. Ele asigură o structură gramaticală corectă‚ respectând regulile de acord și de conjugare‚ precum și regulile de construcție a propozițiilor.

De exemplu‚ pronumele personale‚ cum ar fi “I”‚ “you”‚ “he”‚ “she”‚ “it”‚ “we”‚ “they”‚ “me”‚ “him”‚ “her”‚ “us”‚ “them”‚ “mine”‚ “yours”‚ “his”‚ “hers”‚ “ours”‚ “theirs”‚ “myself”‚ “yourself”‚ “himself”‚ “herself”‚ “itself”‚ “ourselves”‚ “yourselves”‚ “themselves”‚ “who”‚ “whom”‚ “whose”‚ “which”‚ “that”‚ “what”‚ “this”‚ “that”‚ “these”‚ “those”‚ “each other”‚ “one another”‚ “everyone”‚ “everybody”‚ “everything”‚ “someone”‚ “somebody”‚ “something”‚ “anyone”‚ “anybody”‚ “anything”‚ “no one”‚ “nobody”‚ “nothing”‚ “none”‚ “all”‚ “both”‚ “each”‚ “every”‚ “either”‚ “neither”‚ “some”‚ “any”‚ “no”‚ “many”‚ “much”‚ “few”‚ “little”‚ “several”‚ “other”‚ “another”‚ “same”‚ “different”‚ “own”‚ “another”‚ “else”‚ “such”‚ “many”‚ “few”‚ “several”‚ “all”‚ “both”‚ “each”‚ “every”‚ “either”‚ “neither”‚ “some”‚ “any”‚ “no”‚ “much”‚ “little”‚ “enough”‚ “more”‚ “less”‚ “most”‚ “least”‚ “a lot of”‚ “lots of”‚ “plenty of”‚ “a great deal of”‚ “a good deal of”‚ “a number of”‚ “a great number of”‚ “a large number of”‚ “a small number of”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit of”‚ “a piece of”‚ “a couple of”‚ “a pair of”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ 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number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large number”‚ “a small number”‚ “a few”‚ “a little”‚ “a bit”‚ “a piece”‚ “a couple”‚ “a pair”‚ “a lot”‚ “a great deal”‚ “a good deal”‚ “a number”‚ “a great number”‚ “a large